Records on 550 Holstein cows classified for 28 linear type traits were analysed by method of least squares to determine the effects of herds, month, age and stage of lactation at classification on variability of these traits. Phenotypic and genetic correlations among type traits were estimated from paternal half-sister analyses of 30 sires. Herd, month and age at classification were important sources of variation for most of the traits. Phenotypic correlations among type traits were in the range of -0.23 (between udder depth and rear udder width) to 0.89 (between strength and body capacity). Genetic correlations wherein the range of 0.75 (between fore udder attachment and udder support) to 0.98 (between dairy character and final score). Phenotypic correlations were generally smaller than genetic correlations. High genetic correlations among most of the type traits and final score, suggest the continued selection on the latter is an effective means for improving of the first. 

Iran is the origin and rise of the Arabian horse. Each year, the breed originality of the new born horses will be confirmed and registered by the World Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO) through the DNA test. The aim of this study was to unbiased estimation of phenotypic and genetic correlations of the conformation traits with the racing performance traits of the Iranian Arab horse through designing the appropriate statistical models. In a randomized sampling, six important traits were recorded, including withers height, body length, hind cannon circumference, fore cannon circumference, thorax girth and chest depth. The best racing time in distance of 1250 meters, the best racing time in distance of 1750 meters, and the best place in distance of 1250 meters were recorded by reviewing the horse racing films. To estimate the genetic correlations, the multi-trait animal model and derivative free-restricted maximum likelihood and DFREML software were used. The highest and the lowest genetic correlations were estimated for the thorax girth with the best place in distance of 1250 meters (-0. 70± 0. 08) and the fore cannon circumference with the best racing time in distance of 1250 meters (0. 06± 0. 00), respectively. Generally, high genetic correlation was estimated for the body conformation and performance traits. Therefore, at the young age, conformation traits can be used for the selection of the reproductive and appropriated horses for the racing and then reduced the generation interval and increased the genetic progress.

This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of body weight traits in Markhoz goats, using B-spline random regression models. The data used in this study included 19549 records collected during 29 years (1992-2021) in Markhoz goat Breeding Research Station, located in Sanandaj, Iran. The model used to analyze data included fixed effects (year of birth, sex, type of birth and age of dam) and random effects including direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, permanent environmental and maternal permanent environmental assuming homogeneous and heterogeneous residual variance during the time. Akaike (BIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria were used to compare the models and bspq.4.4.4.4 was selected as the best model. The direct heritability values for birth, 3-month, 6-month, 9-month and 12-month weights were estimated to be 0.14, 0.16, 0.08, 0.28 and 0.26, respectively. Genetic correlation between body weights at birth and 3-month, birth and 6-month, birth and 9-month, birth and 12-month, 3-month and 6-month, 3-month and 9-month, 3-month and 12-month, 6-months and 9-month and 9-month and 12-month were 0.22, 0.38, 0.21, 0.56, -0.26, 0.30, 0.62, 0.86 and 0.77, respectively. The highest phenotypic correlation was between the weight of 9-month and 12-month (0.82) and the lowest correlation was between birth weight and 3-month and 6-month (0.12). The results showed that the 9-month weight is a good criterion for selection in Markhoz goats.

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

The effects of salinity (NaCl) in-vitro on microtuberization and investigated genetic diversity under saline and no saline conditions in potato, twelve cultivars (clones) of potato named Rangerrusset, AGB-69-1, MEX-32, Maine-28, Loman, Araucana INTA, Surena INTA, American-INTA, Aracy, FLS-5, Agria and Marphona, were planted in the greenhouse. Young shoots were cut and transferred to Tissue Culture Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute. Apical and axillary meristems were cultivated on MS medium and samples were subcultured every four weeks on the same medium for plantlet production. Plantlets were then propagated through single nodal culture. To study the effects of salinity on microtuberization, they were cultivated on MS media with different concentrations of NaCl including 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 m mol l- 1. Microtuberization response on different saline media was also different and indicated that all the studied characters, except the number of microtubers and the mean minimum microtuber diameter, had significant difference at P<0.01 for cultivars, salinity levels as well as interaction effects. Genetic diversity on the basis microtuberization using analysis of cluster among potato cultivars, and phenotypic correlations among characters under saline and non-saline conditions were also studied. This clustering indicated that there were differences among all cultivars under saline and non-saline conditions. Under non-saline conditions, commercial cultivars (Ranger-russet, Agria and Marphona) performed better than wild-type cultivars and ranked higher, whereas under saline conditions the commercial cultivars performed worse and were ranked 10werPhenotypic correlations among characters indicate that some associated factors correlating with each other contribute in occurring these characters.

In crops improvement, comparison of promising lines with local cultivars can be effective for assessing breeding programs. In order to study the relationships between grain yield and some agronomic traits of rice, a field experiment was conducted on seven promising rice lines Shiroodi cultivar at in Rice Research Institute of Iran (Deputy of Mazandaran-Amol) 2005. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. In this study 11 traits including grain yield and yield component, grain and plant morphological characters were measured. Results of analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes in terms of traits under study, which indicates the existence of genetic variations. Mean comparison showed that line 2 are better based on their yields and some other traits. Grain yield showed was positively significant genotypic and phenotypic correlations with plant height (g=0.72**, p=0.64**), length panicle (g=0.78**, p=0.59**), weight panicle (g=0.81**, p=0.59**), number of filled grains (g=0.79**, p=0.55**) and flag leaf area (g=0.64**, p=0.5**). Overall results of this study showed that No. 2 line to the superior ratio Shiroodi cultivar for traits, flag leaf area, number of filled grains, weight panicle and length panicle.

In this study, calving records of 4221 Iranian native buffaloes from 621 herds which were collected by the Animal Breeding and Livestock Products Improvement Center of Iran from 2003 to 2010 were used to estimate heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlations between milk production, milk fat production, age at first calving and first calving interval using univariate and bivariate animal models. The highest and the lowest heritabilities were estimated for milk production (0.46±0.01) and first calving interval (0.01±0.29), respectively.Heritability estimates for age at first calving and milk fat production in the studied population were 0.21±0.21 and 0.27±0.17, respectively. Positive and high genetic correlation between milk yield and milk fat production (0.55) in this study indicated that milk fat increased along with increasing in milk production. Negative and medium genetic correlation between milk production and age at first calving (-0.25) indicated that genetic selection for milk production cause decrease in age at first calving. Positive and high genetic correlation between age at first calving and first calving interval (0.96) indicated that selection based on lower age at first calving cause reduced first calving interval.

In this study, records of 64220 first lactation dairy cows were used. Data were collected from 749 herds during 1996 to 2009 by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran. Data included of production (305 d milk yield, 305 d fat percentage, 305 d protein percentage and lactation length) and reproduction (dry days, age at first calving, calving interval and days open) traits. Data analysis was performed by restricted maximum likelihood procedure using DFREML software. The estimated heritabilities of milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage and lactation length were 0.197, 0.282, 0.333 and 0.031, respectively. The estimated heritabilites of dry days, age at first calving, calving interval and days open were 0.015, 0.079, 0.035 and 0.036, respectively. Genetic correlations between production traits were from 0.52 for milk yield and fat percentage to 0.74 for fat percentage and protein percentage. Genetic correlations between reproduction traits were from 0.07 (age at first calving and calving interval) to 0.95 (dry days and calving interval). Estimated genetic correlation between production and reproduction traits were from -0.63 (milk yield and dry days) to 0.96 (lactation length calving interval). Considering negative genetic correlation between production and reproduction traits, planning of selection programs in dairy cows based on a combination of production and reproduction traits is recommendable.